Primary and Secondary Sources

Below are links to web pages, blogs, articles and primary resources to acquaint you with the social customs of the late Victorian/Edwardian Era.

Edwardian Britain | Gilded Age America | Belle Epoque Europe

Edwardian Britain

• Edwardian Society
• Timeline
• Royalty and Empire
• Britain 1906-1918

Edwardian London

• London
• London
• London (Victorian)
• Edwardian London: I – Queen Victoria Memorial
• Edwardian London: II – Buckingham Palace
• Edwardian London: III – Whitehall
• Edwardian London: IV – Piccadilly
• Edwardian London: V – The New Westminster Cathedral
• Edwardian London: VI – The Strand
• Edwardian London: VII – Aldwych and Kingsway
• Edwardian London: VIII – Bank
• Edwardian London: IX – Round About the Monument
• Holburn and Bloomsbury
• Westminster
• Mayfair, Belgravia and Bayswater
• Kensington District
• Hammersmith, Fulham and Putney
• The Strand District
• Nights in London
• London Town (illustrated book)
• London’s Underworld
• Nights (in Rome, Venice, London and Paris of the 1880s and 1890s)

Edward VII and His Family

• Edward VII (1911 Encyclopedia Brittanica)
• Edward VII (wikipedia)
• Edward VII (Britannia)
• King Edward VII (BBC)

Titles, the Peerage and Precedent

• Titles and Forms of Address
• Peerage Basics
• Hereditary Peerages, including Royal Titles
• Life Peerages
• Courtesy Titles
• Rights and Privileges of Peers
• Precedence
• A Peeress “in her own right”
• Dowager Peeresses
• Entails, Marriage Settlements, and Dower
• Correct Forms of Address
• The 1^st Duke of Marlborough

Society

• The Social Calendar
• Edwardian Society Hostess
• Sex and Marriage
• A Typical Day in the House
• A Ragtime Era Website
• An Online Dating Guide to Courting in the Victorian Era

Etiquette

• Advice for the Master and Mistress
• How to Treat your Servants
• Advice for an Edwardian Lady
• Family Mealtimes

Fashion

• Fashion 1890-1914
• Society Hostesses Wardrobe
• Seamstresses
• Orientalism in Dress
• Shopping
• Dressing Up
• 1880s/1890s Fashion
• 1900s Fashion
• 1910s Fashion
• Menswear
• Hat Glossary
• Corsets in the 1900s
• Bobbed Hair
• 1910s hair
• Edwardian hair styles

Politics & Social Conditions

• Politics
• Online Hansard Parliamentary Debates (1803-2005)
• The Suffragettes
• Suffragettes
• Women’s suffrage
• Emmeline Pankhurst
• Dreadnoughts
• The People of the Abyss
• Dreadnoughts
• The Dreadnought Race
• The Naval Race 1906-1914
• The Naval Race
• Home Rule and Ireland
• Home Rule Acts
• Free Trade (Churchill Archives)

Foreign Relations

• Entente Cordiale (treaty)
• Entente Cordiale
• The Great Game
• Battle of Omdurman
• The Road to Omdurman
• Britain and the Eastern Question
• The Origin of the Eastern Question
• The Eastern Question
• Fabian Society
• The Fabian Society
• Fabian Socialism

Servants

• Servants’ Rules
• How to Address the Family
• Servants’ Mealtimes
• Servants Wages
• Edwardian servants
• The servant as an employee
• Servants life at Hinchingbrooke
• Servants Dress
• The Up-to-Date Waitress
• Victorian Domestic Servant Hierarchy and Wage Scale
• Tour Belowstairs at Harewood House

Food & Drink

• Food
• Food Timeline
• Historic Food
• Edwardians and their food
• Food Technology
• Feeding America (lots of digitized cookbooks)
• Cooking glossary
• Utensils
• Edwardian Supersize Me

Sport & Leisure

• Leisure Time
• Dance Instruction Manuals

Occupations

• Naval Terms
• British Army in India
• British Army

Language

• A Glossary of Slang
• Etymology Dictionary
• Askew’s Glossary of Victorian Colonial Terminology

Architecture & Homes

• The National Trust
• English Heritage
• Housing in London
• Blenheim Palace
• The DiCamillo Companion to British and Irish Country Houses
• Edwardian Fireplaces
• Chatsworth
• Castle Leslie
• Victorian House Plans
• 1900s Homes
• Victorian Interior Decorating

Cities

• Dartford
• Bristol

Maps

• Baedeker’s Great Britain (1910)
• Baedeker’s London and Its Environs (1905)
• Europe
• Travel at the turn of the century

Gilded Age America

Overview

• America in the 1890s
• Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era
• Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era online (History Cooperative)
• The United States in the Progressive Era (R. Bannister, Swarthmore College)
• Websites for the Gilded Age and the Progressive Era (R. Cherny, San Francisco State University)
• The Transformation of Modern America, 1912-1945
  (Patrick D. Reagan, Tennessee Technological University)
• History and the Internet: A Guide by Patrick D. Reagan (McGraw-Hill)
• Presentations of Public History Online: People, Places, Politics, and Social Movements of the Progressive Era [Public History Resource Center, January 12, 2004]

Cities

• Newport in the Gilded Age
• Victorian New York

Political Leaders

• The Presidential Elections from 1860-1912 (HarpWeek)
• American Political Prints, 1766-1876: Catalog of the Collection in the Library of Congress (HarpWeek)
• The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (HarpWeek)
• Finding Precedent: Hayes vs. Tilden: The Electoral College Controversy of 1876-1877 (HarpWeek)
• Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center (Fremont, OH)
• Diary and Letters of Rutherford B. Hayes
  Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center, Fremont, OH)
• Reconstruction: The Second Civil War (American Experience, PBS)
• The American 1890s (Bowling Green State University)
• 1896 Presidential Election (R. Edwards, Vassar College)
• William Jennings Bryan: Resources [mostly photographs] (Speer Memorial Library, Mission, TX)
• “A Righteous Cause: a film about William Jennings Bryan (Century VII)
• William Jennings Bryan’s Cross of Gold Speech, 1896
• William Allen White’s What’s the Matter with Kansas Speech, 1896
• The Era of William McKinley (Ohio State University)

Transformation of the West

• Native American History and Culture
• Lakota Wowapi Oti Kin (Lakota Information Home Page)
• Coalition for Western Women’s History
• WestWeb: Western History Resource (C. Lavender, College of Staten Island, CUNY)
• New Perspectives on the West (WETA/PBS)
• The West and the Frontier in American Culture (American Library Association)
• Western History Collections: Photo Archives [focus on 1870-1940 period] (University of Oklahoma Libraries)
• American Heritage Center (University of Wyoming)
• Center of the American West (University of Colorado at Boulder)
• Autry Museum of Western Heritage
• The Buffalo Soldiers on the Western Frontier(International Museum of the Horse)
• Texas Buffalo Soldiers (Austin Learning Academy)

The Rise of Big Business and American Workers

• Picturing Business in America: Hedcuts from the Wall Street Journal (Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery)
• The Richest Man in the World: Andrew Carnegie (The American Experience/PBS)
• Andrew Carnegie Birthplace Museum (Dunfermline Fife)
• James J. Hill Manuscript Services
• Thomas A. Edison Papers (Rutgers University)
• Emergence of Advertising in America, 1850-1920 (Duke University)
• Cartoons of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era (Ohio State University)
• Cartoon of John D. Rockefeller (Horace Taylor, The Verdict, January 22, 1900)
• Labor-Management Conflict in American History (Ohio State University)
• Illinois Labor History Society
• Women Working, 1870-1930 (Harvard University Library Open Collections Program)
• The Dramas of Haymarket (Chicago Historical Society)
• America at Work, America at Leisure, 1894-1915 [American Memory, Library of Congr3ess)

Literary and Cultural Resources

• The Walt Whitman Hypertext Archive (University of Virginia)
• Poet at Work: Recoevered Notebooks of the Thomas Biggs Harned Walt Whitman Collection (American Memory, Library of Congress)
• Mark Twain (F.J. Zwick, Syracuse University)
• Mark Twain in His Times ((Electronic Text Center of Virginia)
• Horatio Alger, Jr. Resources (Washburn University)
• Nineteenth Century Studies Journal
• Nineteenth Century American Women Writers
• The Victorian Web (Brown University)
• The Nation magazine sin ce 1865: History Packs
• The Great Plains Chautauqua, Inc. (Bismarck, ND)
• American Variety Stage: Vaudeville and Popular Entertainment, 1870-1920 (American Memory, Library of Congress)
• Music for the Nation: American Sheet Music, 1870-1885 (American Memory, Library of Congress)
• Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia (Ferris State University)
• The History of Jim Crow
• Victorian Women Writers Project (Indiana University)
• Godey’s Lady’s Book Online
• The Arts and Crafts Society
• World’s Fairs and Expositions: Defining America and the World, 1876-1916 (J.W. Zwick)
• International Exhibitions, Expositions Universelles and World’s Fairs, 1851-1951: A Bibliography (A.C.T. Geppert, J. Coffey, T. Lau
• The Centennial Exhibition: Philadelphia 1876 (Free Library of Philadelphia)
• The Great Chicago Fire and The Web of Memory (Chicago Historical Society and Northwestern University)
• Chicago Architects Oral History Project (The Art Institute of Chicago)
• The Chicago Architecture Imagebase (University of Illinois, Chicago)
• World’s Columbian Exposition (Chicago, 1893)
• Urban Planning, 1794-1918: An International Anthology of Articles, Conference Papers, and Reports (John W. Reps, Cornell University)

The Crisis of the 1890s

• The American 1890s (Bowling Green State University)
• Children & Youth in America: A Documentary History
  Editor: Robert H. Bremner
  Associate Editors: John Barnard, Tamara Hareven, Robert Mennel
• Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives (1890) [Hypertext edition]
• Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives (1890) (hypertext edition by tenant.net)
• On the Lower East Side: Observations of Life in Lower Manhattan at the Turn of the Century (W. Crozier et al.)
• Lower East Side Tenement Museum (WNET)
• Toledo’s Attic: A Virtual Museum of Toledo, Ohio
• Metropolitan Lives: The Ashcan Artists and Their New York
• Jane Addams: Mother of the World (Swarthmore College)
• Jane Addams Manuscript Collection (Swarthmore College)
• Jane Addams’ Hull House Museum at the University of Illinois at Chicago
• Jane Addams Photographs (Swarthmore College)
• Ida Tarbell: Life and Works (Allegheny College)
• Ida Tarbell, The History of the Standard Oil Company (1904)
• Women Working, 1870-1930 (Harvard University Library Open Collections Program)
• The Parable of Pullman (Illinois Labor History Society)
• Essay on Populism by Gene Clanton
• 1896 Presidential Election (R. Edwards, Vassar College)
• William Jennings Bryan: Resources [mostly photographs] (Speer Memorial Library, Mission, TX)
• “A Righteous Cause: a film about William Jennings Bryan (Century VII)
• William Jennings Bryan’s Cross of Gold Speech, 1896
• William Allen White’s What’s the Matter with Kansas Speech, 1896
• The Era of William McKinley (Ohio State University)

The War with Spain, 1898 and Aftermath

• U.S. Naval Historical Center (Washington, D.C.)
• U.S. Naval War College (Newport, Rhode Island)
• U.S. Naval Institute (Annapolis, Maryland)
• U.S. Army Center of Military History (Washington, D.C.)
• U.S. Army Command and General Staff College (Fort Leavenworth, Kansas)
• U.S. Army War College and Military History Institute (Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania)
• The Age of Imperialism (Small Planet Communications)
• Chronology of the Spanish-American War (Library of Congress)
• The World of 1898: The Spanish-American War
  (Hispanic Division, Library of Congress)
• The Spanish-American War Centennial Website
• Remember the Maine!
• A Special Report, “What Really Sank the Maine,”edited by Thomas B. Allen Naval History magazine
• William McKinley and the Spanish-American War (Ohio State University)
• The Spanish-American War in Motion Pictures (American Memory, Library of Congress)
• The U.S Army in the War with Spain (U.S. Army Center of Military History)
• Events–Spanish-American War (US Navy Collections)
• Events–Spanish-American War (US Navy Collections)
• Independence Seaport Museum, Philadelphia, PA (site of U.S.S. Olympia, Commodore George Dewey’s flagship at Battle of Manila Bay
• 1898: La Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico
• Centennial of the War of 1898(Centro de Estudios Norteamericanos, Universidad de Alcalá)
• A War in Perspective, 1898-1998: Public Appeals, Memory, and the Spanish-American Conflict (New York Public Library)
• Puerto Rico at the Dawn of the Modern Age: Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Perspectives (American Memory, Library of Congress)
• The Annexation of Hawaii: A Collection of Documents
  (University of Hawaii at Manoa Libraries)
• Philippine History 101 (Tribung Pinoy)
• BoondocksNet.com (Jim Zwick)
• Philippine-American War Centennial Initiative
• The U.S. Army and Irregular Warfare, John M. Gates (Wooster College)

The New Immigration and Urban America

• Immigration & Ethnic History Society
• Port of Entry: Immigration (American Memory, Library of Congress)
• Ellis Island (Statue of Liberty–Ellis Island Foundation, Inc.)
• Save Ellis Island
• Ellis Island: Through America’s Gateway (International Channel)
• Immigration History Research Center (University of Minnesota)
• American Jewish Historical Society
• USA People Search – Immigration
• Urban History Association
• Society for American City and Regional Planning History
• H-Urban Web Links
• Three Cities: New York, Chicago, Los Angeles: Literary and Visual Representations of Three American Cities, 1870s to 1930s(University of Nottingham and University of Birmingham, U.K.)
• In Motion: The African-American Migration Experience
• Jump, Jim Crow or, What Differecne Did Emancipation Make? (Universisty of California, Berkeley)
• Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia (Ferris State University)
• Chicago Architects Oral History Project (The Art Institute of Chicago)
• Urban Experience in Chicago: Hull House and Its Neighborhoods, 1889-1963 (Hull House/University of Illinois, Chicago)
• City Directories of the United States (sarting from 1859)) (Primary Source Media)
• Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives (1890) (hypertext edition by tenant.net)
• Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives (1890) [Hypertext edition]
• On the Lower East Side: Observations of Life in Lower Manhattan at the Turn of the Century (W. Crozier et al.)
• Lower East Side Tenement Museum (WNET)
• Children & Youth in America: A Documentary History
  Editor: Robert H. Bremner
  Associate Editors: John Barnard, Tamara Hareven, Robert Mennel
• In Motion: The African-American Migration Experience
  (Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library)
• Jazz Age Chicago: Urban Leisure from 1893 to 1934 (S.A. Newman)
• Toledo’s Attic: A Virtual Museum of Toledo, Ohio
• Metropolitan Lives: The Ashcan Artists and Their New York (National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution)
• Association of Historians of American Art
• Urban Planning, 1794-1918: An International Anthology of Articles, Conference Papers, and Reports (John W. Reps, Cornell University)
• The Jack London Collection (Sunsite Berkeley Digital Library)
• Theodore Dreiser: Discussion and Information (Fukushima Uiv., Japan)
• Philadelphia Trolleys Photographs from early 20th Century (Free Library of Philadelphia)

Progressive Reform, 1901-1917

• Taking the Long View: Panoramic Photographs, 1851-1991 (American Memory, Library of Congress)
• Inside an American Factory: The Westinghouse Works, 1904 (American Memory Project, Lib. of Congress)
• Women Working, 1870-1930 (Harvard University Library Open Collections Program)
• The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, March 25, 1911
  (Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University)
• Between a Rock and a Hard Place: A History of American Sweatshops, 1820-Present(National Museum of American History)
• Children & Youth in America: A Documentary History
  Editor: Robert H. Bremner
  Associate Editors: John Barnard, Tamara Hareven, Robert Mennel
• Katharine Bement Davis: New York City’s Suffragist Commissioner (New York City Dept. of Correction)
• La Follette School of Public Affairs (University of Wisconsin, Madison)
• A History of the Socialist Party of America University of North Carolina)
• Eugene V. Debs Foundation
• In the Shadow of the I.W.W. (Walter P. Reuther Library)
• The I.W.W.: Its History, Structure and Methods by Vincent St. John
• I.W.W. Pamphlets: Selections from the Colorful and Stirring I.W.W. Chapbooks
• I.W.W. Songs
• George E. Mowy, The Era of Theodore Roosevelt, 1900-1912 (1958)
• Theodore Roosevelt Papers at the Libary of Congress, 1759-1919
• Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace (New York City)
• Theodore Roosevelt: His Life and Times on Film (American Memory, Library of Congress)
• Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural (Buffalo, New York)
• 1912: Competing Visions for America (Ohio State University)
• Essays and Speeches by Theodore Roosevelt in the Election of 1912
• The Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920 (Library of Congress)
• Mapping the National Parks (American Memory, Library of Congress)
• National Parks and Conservation Assocation
• Arthur S. Link, Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 1910-1917 (1954, 1963)
• African-American Pamphlets from the Daniel A.P. Murray Collection, 1880-1920 (Library of Congress)
• Martin Scorsese presents The Blues (PBS, 2003)
• Jazz: A Film by Ken Burns (PBS)
• Jackson Davis Collection (University of Virginia Library)
• Alcohol and Temperance History Group
• American Women: A Gateway to Library of Congress Resources for the Study of Women’s History and Culture in the United States (American Memory, Library of Congress)
• Women and Social Movements in the United States, 1830-1930 (SUNY, Binghamton)
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Papers Project Online (Rutgers University)
• The Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony (University of South Carolina)
• Women’s History Resource Center (General Federation of Women’s Clubs
• “Votes for Women” Suffrage Pictures, 1850-1920 (American Memory, Library of Congress)
• Votes for Women (Huntington Library, San Marino, CA)
• National American Woman Suffrage Association Collection, 1860-1920 (Library of Congress)
• Susan B. Anthony University Center (University of Rochester)
• Women’s Rights National Historical Park (Seneca Falls, NY)
• Woman Suffrage and the 19th Amendment
  (class materials from National Archives and Records Administration)
• “Votes for Women” Suffrage Pictures, 1850-1920 (American Memory, Library of Congress)
• National American Woman Suffrage Association Collection, 1860-1920
  (Library of Congress)
• Suffragists Oral History Project (University of California Berkeley Library)
• 95/75, 75th Anniversary of Women’s Suffrage in America (University of Rochester)
• Jo Freeman, “The Rise of Political Woman in the Election of 1912” (2003)
• Temperance and Prohibition (K.A. Kerr, Ohio State University)
• The Anti-Saloon League, 1893-1933 (Westerville, Ohio Public Library)
• Image Archive of the American Eugenics Movements (Cold Spring Harbor Institute)
• American Radicalism Collection (Michigan State University Libraries)
• Radicalism Collection: Titles in Subject Order (Michigan State University Libraries)
• Radicalism Collection: Titles in Alphabetical Order (Michigan State University Libraries)
• Digital Images from the American Radicalism Collection (Michigan State University)
• Emma Goldman (American Experience, PBS)
• Emma Goldman Papers (University of California, Berkeley)

Society

• Jewish Society in old Palm Beach
• The Adventures of Tessie Oelrichs
• The Woman who Loved Money
• The Gilded Age Billionaires, Part I
• The Gilded Age Billionaires, Part II
• Philadelphia’s Main Line society

America’s Mansions & Country Estates

The Berkshires

• The Berkshire Cottages
• Ventfort Hall
• The Mount
• Elm Court
• Wheatleigh
• Spring Lawn
• Chesterwood
• Seven Hills

Newport, RI

• Belcourt Castle
• The Breakers
• The Elms
• Marble House
• Rosecliff
• Beechwood

Other Places

• Biltmore (Asheville, NC)
• Millionaire’s Row (Buffalo, NY)
• Bar Harbor, ME
• Tuxedo Park, NY
• Henderson Castle (Kalamazoo, MI)
• Glessner House (Chicago, IL)
• Clarke House (Chicago, IL)
• Palmer Mansion (Chicago, IL)
• Gold Coast Mansions (Long Island, NY)
• Long Island’s Gold Coast
• Sagamore Hill (Long Island, NY)
• Springwood (Hyde Park, NY)
• Frederick Vanderbilt Mansion (Hyde Park, NY)

Belle Epoque Europe

(in progress)

General

• The European Belle Epoque

France

• Exposition Universelle et Internationale de Paris, 1900